IBM Researchers Demo Initial Steps toward Commercial Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes

Cristian_25H · Oct 28, 2012, 06:31 PM

IBM scientists have demonstrated a new approach to carbon nanotechnology that opens up the path for commercial fabrication of dramatically smaller, faster and more powerful computer chips. For the first time, more than ten thousand working transistors made of nano-sized tubes of carbon have been precisely placed and tested in a single chip using standard semiconductor processes. These carbon devices are poised to replace and outperform silicon technology allowing further miniaturization of computing components and leading the way for future microelectronics.

Aided by rapid innovation over four decades, silicon microprocessor technology has continually shrunk in size and improved in performance, thereby driving the information technology revolution. Silicon transistors, tiny switches that carry information on a chip, have been made smaller year after year, but they are approaching a point of physical limitation. Their increasingly small dimensions, now reaching the nanoscale, will prohibit any gains in performance due to the nature of silicon and the laws of physics. Within a few more generations, classical scaling and shrinkage will no longer yield the sizable benefits of lower power, lower cost and higher speed processors that the industry has become accustomed to.

Carbon nanotubes represent a new class of semiconductor materials whose electrical properties are more attractive than silicon, particularly for building nanoscale transistor devices that are a few tens of atoms across. Electrons in carbon transistors can move easier than in silicon-based devices allowing for quicker transport of data. The nanotubes are also ideally shaped for transistors at the atomic scale, an advantage over silicon. These qualities are among the reasons to replace the traditional silicon transistor with carbon – and coupled with new chip design architectures – will allow computing innovation on a miniature scale for the future.

The approach developed at IBM labs paves the way for circuit fabrication with large numbers of carbon nanotube transistors at predetermined substrate positions. The ability to isolate semiconducting nanotubes and place a high density of carbon devices on a wafer is crucial to assess their suitability for a technology – eventually more than one billion transistors will be needed for future integration into commercial chips. Until now, scientists have been able to place at most a few hundred carbon nanotube devices at a time, not nearly enough to address key issues for commercial applications.

"Carbon nanotubes, borne out of chemistry, have largely been laboratory curiosities as far as microelectronic applications are concerned. We are attempting the first steps towards a technology by fabricating carbon nanotube transistors within a conventional wafer fabrication infrastructure," said Supratik Guha, Director of Physical Sciences at IBM Research. "The motivation to work on carbon nanotube transistors is that at extremely small nanoscale dimensions, they outperform transistors made from any other material. However, there are challenges to address such as ultra high purity of the carbon nanotubes and deliberate placement at the nanoscale. We have been making significant strides in both."

Originally studied for the physics that arises from their atomic dimensions and shapes, carbon nanotubes are being explored by scientists worldwide in applications that span integrated circuits, energy storage and conversion, biomedical sensing and DNA sequencing.

This achievement was published today in the peer-reviewed journal Nature Nanotechnology.

The Road to Carbon

Carbon, a readily available basic element from which crystals as hard as diamonds and as soft as the "lead" in a pencil are made, has wide-ranging IT applications.

Carbon nanotubes are single atomic sheets of carbon rolled up into a tube. The carbon nanotube forms the core of a transistor device that will work in a fashion similar to the current silicon transistor, but will be better performing. They could be used to replace the transistors in chips that power our data-crunching servers, high performing computers and ultra fast smart phones.

Earlier this year, IBM researchers demonstrated carbon nanotube transistors can operate as excellent switches at molecular dimensions of less than ten nanometers – the equivalent to 10,000 times thinner than a strand of human hair and less than half the size of the leading silicon technology. Comprehensive modeling of the electronic circuits suggests that about a five to ten times improvement in performance compared to silicon circuits is possible.

There are practical challenges for carbon nanotubes to become a commercial technology notably, as mentioned earlier, due to the purity and placement of the devices. Carbon nanotubes naturally come as a mix of metallic and semiconducting species and need to be placed perfectly on the wafer surface to make electronic circuits. For device operation, only the semiconducting kind of tubes is useful which requires essentially complete removal of the metallic ones to prevent errors in circuits. Also, for large scale integration to happen, it is critical to be able to control the alignment and the location of carbon nanotube devices on a substrate.

To overcome these barriers, IBM researchers developed a novel method based on ion-exchange chemistry that allows precise and controlled placement of aligned carbon nanotubes on a substrate at a high density – two orders of magnitude greater than previous experiments, enabling the controlled placement of individual nanotubes with a density of about a billion per square centimeter.

The process starts with carbon nanotubes mixed with a surfactant, a kind of soap that makes them soluble in water. A substrate is comprised of two oxides with trenches made of chemically-modified hafnium oxide (HfO2) and the rest of silicon oxide (SiO2). The substrate gets immersed in the carbon nanotube solution and the nanotubes attach via a chemical bond to the HfO2 regions while the rest of the surface remains clean.

By combining chemistry, processing and engineering expertise, IBM researchers are able to fabricate more than ten thousand transistors on a single chip.

Furthermore, rapid testing of thousands of devices is possible using high volume characterization tools due to compatibility to standard commercial processes.

As this new placement technique can be readily implemented, involving common chemicals and existing semiconductor fabrication, it will allow the industry to work with carbon nanotubes at a greater scale and deliver further innovation for carbon electronics.

For more information, please visit www.research.ibm.com.

Velvet Wafer · Oct 28, 2012, 06:35 PM

Sounds like we are getting ready for the future of computing

Mathragh · Oct 28, 2012, 07:02 PM

Great article

semantics · Oct 28, 2012, 07:13 PM

who doesn't love big blue <3

punisher186 · Oct 28, 2012, 09:08 PM

Great, but will hardware enthusiasts still be able to build computers with these processors? Miniaturizing worries me for that very reason.

Kreij · Oct 28, 2012, 09:12 PM

Sure they will. We will probably just need a scanning electron microscope and a really fine pair of needle-nose pliers.

Lionheart · Oct 28, 2012, 09:22 PM

I remember reading an article similar to this a year back or more about silicon reaching it's limits & something about graphite being used, it was a university article if I recall

......time to look for it again

xenocide · Oct 28, 2012, 09:33 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Lionheart

I remember reading an article similar to this a year back or more about silicon reaching it's limits & something about graphite being used, it was a university article if I recall

......time to look for it again

It's been something that has been discussed several times over the years. They originally thought Silicon would reach it's limits a while back, but they made advances and extended its life quite a bit, who knows. I can't remember the exacts, but there was a problem with Graphite being used as a semiconductor, I wish I remember what my friend (an Electrical Engineer for what it's worth) said about it.

Kreij · Oct 28, 2012, 09:41 PM

I do believe you are right Xeno, they tossed graphite in favor of graphene if I remember correctly.

Disclaimer : I'm old and forget a lot.

WhiteLotus · Oct 28, 2012, 09:44 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Kreij

I do believe you are right Xeno, they tossed graphite in favor of graphene if I remember correctly.

Disclaimer : I'm old and forget a lot.

You are correct. However they found that graphene can be very easily damaged, though it is also "self-repairing".

I would imagine getting graphene to stay permanently stable is holding it back some what.

blanarahul · Oct 28, 2012, 10:11 PM

I hope Intel uses this instead of 10 nm 3D-transistor in 2016.

Disruptor4 · Oct 28, 2012, 10:19 PM

IBM to buy AMD? :P

segalaw19800 · Oct 28, 2012, 10:19 PM

blibba · Oct 28, 2012, 10:20 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by blanarahul

I hope Intel uses this instead of 10 nm 3D-transistor in 2016.

I hope you use size 1 font in all future posts.

Quote:

Originally Posted by Disruptor4

IBM to buy AMD? :P

Yes please!

Kreij · Oct 28, 2012, 10:23 PM

Why would IBM buy AMD? That would be like Lamborghini buying "The Scooter Store".

blibba · Oct 28, 2012, 10:27 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Kreij

Why would IBM buy AMD? That would be like Lamborghini buying "The Scooter Store".

Because they can benefit from each other. AMD needs to improve its access to decent fabrication, and its R&D for CPUs. IBM would like the graphics expertise and x86 license. Plus, as Intel have shown, volume on low-profit products can allow for great high-profit products.

FYI, Lamborghini started out making tractors and are now owned by Volkswagen.

jihadjoe · Oct 28, 2012, 11:01 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by blibba

Lamborghini started out making tractors and are now owned by Volkswagen.

I do sort of see your point, and the parallels to AMD.

Lamborghini was always second fiddle to Ferrari, but they did have their glory days during the time of the Miura, followed by a slow decline during the Countach and Diablo era before finally coming into its own as a valuable modern brand after VW ownership. Would that AMD do the same if IBM were to buy them out.

NC37 · Oct 28, 2012, 11:02 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by blibba

Because they can benefit from each other. AMD needs to improve its access to decent fabrication, and its R&D for CPUs. IBM would like the graphics expertise and x86 license. Plus, as Intel have shown, volume on low-profit products can allow for great high-profit products.

FYI, Lamborghini started out making tractors and are now owned by Volkswagen.

I would indeed like to see an Intel vs IBM CPU war. IBM has been the go to chip maker for years on consoles. Before that servers and Macs. Heck if IBM had been serious in development with the PPC970s we would have seen some real nice performers. The ideas they had on paper for chips after the 970 were really good. With Windows adding ARM support with 8, it wouldn't be impossible to consider more RISC designs coming out. Just a shame 8 will likely go down in history as the tablet OS bastard child till Win 9.

james888 · Oct 29, 2012, 01:27 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by Disruptor4

IBM to buy AMD? :P

We can't have blue on blue!!!!!! It breaks all manners of logic!!!!!!!!

Quote:

Originally Posted by Kreij

Sure they will. We will probably just need a scanning electron microscope and a really fine pair of needle-nose pliers.

That would become a right of passage to be a computer enthusiast

xenocide · Oct 29, 2012, 03:35 AM

I don't see any real benefit for IBM if they bought up AMD. Obviously AMD would benefit, but what would IBM really gain? At this point they clearly have no interest in manufacturing x86 products, and the tech that AMD has for GPU's is pretty irrelevant for them outside of maybe helping them make Console SOC's (which they already do iirc).

blanarahul · Oct 29, 2012, 08:34 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by blibba

I hope you use size 1 font in all future posts.

Thanks for the advice which i will never follow. I just wanted to express how super exited I am.

BTW I really really really hope IBM buys AMD's. I know we will see a super CPU war. But I will be much more interested to see what happens to their GPUs.

Super XP · Oct 29, 2012, 10:41 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by semantics

who doesn't love big blue <3

A lot of the technology comes from IBM, and its fascinating. I want to meet the Chief Arcitect, the one that's not of this world

tacosRcool · Oct 29, 2012, 02:43 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by blanarahul

I hope Intel uses this instead of 10 nm 3D-transistor in 2016.

you really wanted to get your point across?

blanarahul · Oct 29, 2012, 08:16 PM

Quote:

Originally Posted by tacosRcool

you really wanted to get your point across?

Affirmative.

Oct 28, 2012, 06:31 PM	#1
Cristian_25H Staff Join Date: Dec 2011 Location: Still on the East Side Posts: 41 (0.08/day) Thanks: 9 Thanked 962 Times in 486 Posts	IBM Researchers Demo Initial Steps toward Commercial Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes IBM scientists have demonstrated a new approach to carbon nanotechnology that opens up the path for commercial fabrication of dramatically smaller, faster and more powerful computer chips. For the first time, more than ten thousand working transistors made of nano-sized tubes of carbon have been precisely placed and tested in a single chip using standard semiconductor processes. These carbon devices are poised to replace and outperform silicon technology allowing further miniaturization of computing components and leading the way for future microelectronics. Aided by rapid innovation over four decades, silicon microprocessor technology has continually shrunk in size and improved in performance, thereby driving the information technology revolution. Silicon transistors, tiny switches that carry information on a chip, have been made smaller year after year, but they are approaching a point of physical limitation. Their increasingly small dimensions, now reaching the nanoscale, will prohibit any gains in performance due to the nature of silicon and the laws of physics. Within a few more generations, classical scaling and shrinkage will no longer yield the sizable benefits of lower power, lower cost and higher speed processors that the industry has become accustomed to. Carbon nanotubes represent a new class of semiconductor materials whose electrical properties are more attractive than silicon, particularly for building nanoscale transistor devices that are a few tens of atoms across. Electrons in carbon transistors can move easier than in silicon-based devices allowing for quicker transport of data. The nanotubes are also ideally shaped for transistors at the atomic scale, an advantage over silicon. These qualities are among the reasons to replace the traditional silicon transistor with carbon – and coupled with new chip design architectures – will allow computing innovation on a miniature scale for the future. The approach developed at IBM labs paves the way for circuit fabrication with large numbers of carbon nanotube transistors at predetermined substrate positions. The ability to isolate semiconducting nanotubes and place a high density of carbon devices on a wafer is crucial to assess their suitability for a technology – eventually more than one billion transistors will be needed for future integration into commercial chips. Until now, scientists have been able to place at most a few hundred carbon nanotube devices at a time, not nearly enough to address key issues for commercial applications. "Carbon nanotubes, borne out of chemistry, have largely been laboratory curiosities as far as microelectronic applications are concerned. We are attempting the first steps towards a technology by fabricating carbon nanotube transistors within a conventional wafer fabrication infrastructure," said Supratik Guha, Director of Physical Sciences at IBM Research. "The motivation to work on carbon nanotube transistors is that at extremely small nanoscale dimensions, they outperform transistors made from any other material. However, there are challenges to address such as ultra high purity of the carbon nanotubes and deliberate placement at the nanoscale. We have been making significant strides in both." Originally studied for the physics that arises from their atomic dimensions and shapes, carbon nanotubes are being explored by scientists worldwide in applications that span integrated circuits, energy storage and conversion, biomedical sensing and DNA sequencing. This achievement was published today in the peer-reviewed journal Nature Nanotechnology. The Road to Carbon Carbon, a readily available basic element from which crystals as hard as diamonds and as soft as the "lead" in a pencil are made, has wide-ranging IT applications. Carbon nanotubes are single atomic sheets of carbon rolled up into a tube. The carbon nanotube forms the core of a transistor device that will work in a fashion similar to the current silicon transistor, but will be better performing. They could be used to replace the transistors in chips that power our data-crunching servers, high performing computers and ultra fast smart phones. Earlier this year, IBM researchers demonstrated carbon nanotube transistors can operate as excellent switches at molecular dimensions of less than ten nanometers – the equivalent to 10,000 times thinner than a strand of human hair and less than half the size of the leading silicon technology. Comprehensive modeling of the electronic circuits suggests that about a five to ten times improvement in performance compared to silicon circuits is possible. There are practical challenges for carbon nanotubes to become a commercial technology notably, as mentioned earlier, due to the purity and placement of the devices. Carbon nanotubes naturally come as a mix of metallic and semiconducting species and need to be placed perfectly on the wafer surface to make electronic circuits. For device operation, only the semiconducting kind of tubes is useful which requires essentially complete removal of the metallic ones to prevent errors in circuits. Also, for large scale integration to happen, it is critical to be able to control the alignment and the location of carbon nanotube devices on a substrate. To overcome these barriers, IBM researchers developed a novel method based on ion-exchange chemistry that allows precise and controlled placement of aligned carbon nanotubes on a substrate at a high density – two orders of magnitude greater than previous experiments, enabling the controlled placement of individual nanotubes with a density of about a billion per square centimeter. The process starts with carbon nanotubes mixed with a surfactant, a kind of soap that makes them soluble in water. A substrate is comprised of two oxides with trenches made of chemically-modified hafnium oxide (HfO2) and the rest of silicon oxide (SiO2). The substrate gets immersed in the carbon nanotube solution and the nanotubes attach via a chemical bond to the HfO2 regions while the rest of the surface remains clean. By combining chemistry, processing and engineering expertise, IBM researchers are able to fabricate more than ten thousand transistors on a single chip. Furthermore, rapid testing of thousands of devices is possible using high volume characterization tools due to compatibility to standard commercial processes. As this new placement technique can be readily implemented, involving common chemicals and existing semiconductor fabrication, it will allow the industry to work with carbon nanotubes at a greater scale and deliver further innovation for carbon electronics. For more information, please visit www.research.ibm.com.

Oct 28, 2012, 06:35 PM	#2
Velvet Wafer Join Date: Jun 2009 Location: North of Germany Posts: 3,846 (2.68/day) Thanks: 2,286 Thanked 1,025 Times in 838 Posts System Specs	Sounds like we are getting ready for the future of computing __________________ CPU-Z validation sig pics temporarily blocked

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Oct 28, 2012, 07:02 PM	#3
Mathragh Join Date: Dec 2009 Location: The Netherlands Posts: 646 (0.51/day) Thanks: 156 Thanked 198 Times in 147 Posts System Specs	Great article

Oct 28, 2012, 07:13 PM	#4
semantics Join Date: Jan 2011 Posts: 96 (0.11/day) Thanks: 0 Thanked 8 Times in 7 Posts	who doesn't love big blue <3

Oct 28, 2012, 09:08 PM	#5
punisher186 Join Date: Mar 2011 Posts: 72 (0.09/day) Thanks: 1 Thanked 39 Times in 18 Posts System Specs	Great, but will hardware enthusiasts still be able to build computers with these processors? Miniaturizing worries me for that very reason.

Oct 28, 2012, 09:12 PM	#6
Kreij Hardcore Monkey Moderator Join Date: Feb 2007 Location: Cheeseland (Wisconsin, USA) Posts: 12,113 (5.28/day) Thanks: 591 Thanked 5,492 Times in 2,936 Posts System Specs	Sure they will. We will probably just need a scanning electron microscope and a really fine pair of needle-nose pliers. __________________ Cloud (noun, singular): A dynamic arrangement of multiple potential single points of failure, with a user at one end and their data at the other. Get more tech news on a wide variety of topics at NextPowerUp

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Oct 28, 2012, 09:22 PM	#7
Lionheart Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Sydney Posts: 3,415 (1.85/day) Thanks: 2,482 Thanked 740 Times in 527 Posts System Specs	I remember reading an article similar to this a year back or more about silicon reaching it's limits & something about graphite being used, it was a university article if I recall......time to look for it again __________________ A STATE OF TRANCE

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Oct 28, 2012, 09:41 PM	#9
Kreij Hardcore Monkey Moderator Join Date: Feb 2007 Location: Cheeseland (Wisconsin, USA) Posts: 12,113 (5.28/day) Thanks: 591 Thanked 5,492 Times in 2,936 Posts System Specs	I do believe you are right Xeno, they tossed graphite in favor of graphene if I remember correctly. Disclaimer : I'm old and forget a lot. __________________ Cloud (noun, singular): A dynamic arrangement of multiple potential single points of failure, with a user at one end and their data at the other. Get more tech news on a wide variety of topics at NextPowerUp

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Oct 28, 2012, 10:11 PM	#11
blanarahul Join Date: Dec 2011 Location: India where latest tech and water cooling is obsolete. Posts: 78 (0.15/day) Thanks: 19 Thanked 4 Times in 4 Posts System Specs	I hope Intel uses this instead of 10 nm 3D-transistor in 2016.

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Oct 28, 2012, 10:19 PM	#12
Disruptor4 Join Date: Jun 2008 Location: Melbourne, Australia Posts: 190 (0.10/day) Thanks: 8 Thanked 20 Times in 16 Posts System Specs	IBM to buy AMD? :P

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Oct 28, 2012, 10:19 PM	#13
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Oct 28, 2012, 10:23 PM	#15
Kreij Hardcore Monkey Moderator Join Date: Feb 2007 Location: Cheeseland (Wisconsin, USA) Posts: 12,113 (5.28/day) Thanks: 591 Thanked 5,492 Times in 2,936 Posts System Specs	Why would IBM buy AMD? That would be like Lamborghini buying "The Scooter Store". __________________ Cloud (noun, singular): A dynamic arrangement of multiple potential single points of failure, with a user at one end and their data at the other. Get more tech news on a wide variety of topics at NextPowerUp

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Hard Disk:	Seagate 1TB/250GB/80GB + 500GB WD Passport + OCZ Synapse 64GB SSD Cache / Seagate Momentus 500GB
Optical Drive:	16x DVD Internal + Samsung External BD Combo / BD-Combo drive
CRT/LCD Model:	Viewsonic 20.1 @ 1680x1050 / Lenovo 15.6 @ 1920x1080
Case:	Coolermaster Storm Sniper / Lenovo Y580
Sound Card:	Asus Xonar DG / Whatever Lenovo used
PSU:	Antec Truepower Blue 750W / Big Power Brick
Software:	Windows 7 Pro / Windows 7 Home Premium
Benchmarks:	Cinebench 11.5: CPU @ 7.72 GL @ 56.52

Processor:	Intel Core i5-2500K @ 4.5GHz
Motherboard:	MSI P67A-GD53
Cooling:	Alphacool Monta 240mm
Memory:	G.SKILL 2GBx4 1600mhz 7-8-7-24-2N
Video Card:	Saphire 7970 OC 1250Mhz/1600Mhz
Hard Disk:	Adata sp900, WD Black 500Gb
CRT/LCD Model:	Vizio VM230XVT 1920x1080
Case:	Corsair 550d
Sound Card:	Auzentech Prelude + jvc rx700
PSU:	COUGAR SX850 850W
Software:	Windows 7 64 Bit
Benchmarks:	8224 firestrike

Oct 29, 2012, 03:35 AM	#20
xenocide Join Date: Mar 2011 Location: Burlington, VT Posts: 1,706 (2.16/day) Thanks: 228 Thanked 404 Times in 297 Posts System Specs	I don't see any real benefit for IBM if they bought up AMD. Obviously AMD would benefit, but what would IBM really gain? At this point they clearly have no interest in manufacturing x86 products, and the tech that AMD has for GPU's is pretty irrelevant for them outside of maybe helping them make Console SOC's (which they already do iirc). __________________ “If BF3 doesn't turn out to be the biggest selling PC shooter of all time, then I will eat my graphics card.” -MatTheCat

System Name:	My Red Dragon Gaming PC
Processor:	AMD FX-8350 @ 4.70GHz w/8-Cores - Bus 277 / 1.4v
Motherboard:	Asus Crosshair V Formula ROG - Bios v1801
Cooling:	Corsair H100 Water Cooling (120mm x4 Push/Pull)
Memory:	G.SKILL Ripjaws X Series 16GB DDR3-2210 (8GBx2)
Video Card:	Sapphire (ATI) Radeon HD 6970 2GB GDDR5
Hard Disk:	Corsair Force 3 SSD 180GB + WD 32MB buffer 1TB HD
Optical Drive:	LG HD DVD/Blu-Ray/DVD Player/Burner
CRT/LCD Model:	Asus VE248H Black 24" 1080p 2ms LED 10,000,000:1
Case:	CoolerMaster HAF 932 - My Custom Red Dragn MOD!
Sound Card:	SteelSound 5Hv2 8CH HD + EAX® Advanced™ HD 5.0 -SupremeFX X-Fi 2
PSU:	Corsair 750W Gamers Power Supply
Software:	Windows 7 x64 Ultimate
Benchmarks:	I have the worlds Fastest PC ever Built - 1980

System Name:	Computer of Computerness
Processor:	i7-2700K @ 4.22 Ghz
Motherboard:	Gigabyte Z68XP-UD3
Cooling:	Cooler Master Hyper 212+
Memory:	Samsung 8 GB DDR3 OC @1866 Mhz
Video Card:	Gigabyte GTX 670 OC
Hard Disk:	240 GB Kingston V+200 SSD, 1 TB Hitachi 7200 rpm HDD, 1 TB Samsung 7200 rpm HDD
Optical Drive:	Pioneer BDR-205
CRT/LCD Model:	Samsung ToC SyncMaster P2250
Case:	NZXT Phantom 410, Red
Sound Card:	Asus Xonar DG 5.1
PSU:	Corsair TX750 V2
Software:	Windows 8 Pro
Benchmarks:	3DMark 11: X3325 P9191 3DMark Vantage: P29926

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