Looks like the partition table got screwed up to me... There is still the chance something else happened though.
I've had a lot of things happen to me when it comes to computers, 90% of the time nothing bad happens. The most related accident I encountered was just a few weeks ago, with a hard drive. I've got limited desk space and since I've been toying with my computer so much, I haven't put it in my computer case. Instead I made a cheap tech-bench with an old motherboard tray. What that leaves is no where to put the hard drives, so I had them stacked flat, one on top of the other. What happened was when I was moving one over (can't remember why, to check a model number maybe?),it slid off the top of the other one and the PCB contacted the cover of the other, which is metal
Heard a little pop and the short triggered the power supply's Short Circuit Protection, shutting my PC down. I winced at the pain of my error and proceeded to fire the PC back up. Not a thing happened, everything works as if it never occured!
Now I'm not saying I wasn't lucky, but I've touched bare PCB many of times in the past, to check temps of a component typically (a chip, a voltage regulator, memory, etc) and never had anything occur.
Usually, my bad luck comes in the form of a screw driver slip where I hit the PCB
SO many of the times I have somehow gotten lucky enough where nothing has happened,
but there has been a time or two where I've knocked off a really small resistor
The most memorable case was with the first PC I ever built, the Athlon 550 Slot-A right when it came out! After having it for awhile, for some reason I had the ambition to pull the plastic cover off AND the front heatsink aluminum plate, which required removing 4 veeerry small e-clips. The only way to really get them off is either a screwdriver and pushing/prying, or if it is out in the open grab it with a pliers. It wasn't in the open, it was being pressed on by the spring-steel retention "clip". Long story short, the screw driver slipped off the e-clip and slid against the back side of the CPU area of the PCB knocking of 3 or 4 resistors
I was shaking I was so worried! But, that I think was the begining of my luck with computers, as it worked just fine O_O Sold it to a friend of a friend, and it lived out it's life working fine for him heh
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If I ever touch a component while the PC is on, I do one of two things: Make sure my finger is dry (sweat is basically salty water, which conducts electricity much better), or I use my knuckle. If it's a small space or component, I'll use my pinky finger since it won't contact a large area
Now I'm not condoning the action of touching live components, but if you are going to I'm just trying to offer some helpful advice. If you feel the need to touch a component, do it with extreme caution! Not just because the PC is on, but some components get
far far hotter than you might think! Some of those big black squares (chokes are their name, some have a 2R on them) can get blistering hot! I learned that the hard way
It was a on a laptop motherboard that I was diagnosing (it was old and my own, chill out people lol), never would I have thought it would have ever be that incredibly hot O_O
As for the person who said "use monitoring software", well I guess I'm going to go to you since you must know of some repository of magical software to do this!
Not a lot of things on computer parts can have their temps read :\ And some things like RAM, only certain manufacturers have modules that you can read the temps. Same with video card memory. I've also never owned a component that can read MOSFET or VRM temps
That leaves either a IR temp gun or a temperature probe, both of which wouldn't work all
that well when so many components are in a small space where temperatures differ greatly from one to the next. Only way to get a good idea is by using the Finger Probe, which is free and gives instant feedback
How did you manage to boot if the OS is in the 'trashed' HDD? 
