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IBM Researchers Demo Initial Steps toward Commercial Fabrication of Carbon Nanotubes

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IBM scientists have demonstrated a new approach to carbon nanotechnology that opens up the path for commercial fabrication of dramatically smaller, faster and more powerful computer chips. For the first time, more than ten thousand working transistors made of nano-sized tubes of carbon have been precisely placed and tested in a single chip using standard semiconductor processes. These carbon devices are poised to replace and outperform silicon technology allowing further miniaturization of computing components and leading the way for future microelectronics.





Aided by rapid innovation over four decades, silicon microprocessor technology has continually shrunk in size and improved in performance, thereby driving the information technology revolution. Silicon transistors, tiny switches that carry information on a chip, have been made smaller year after year, but they are approaching a point of physical limitation. Their increasingly small dimensions, now reaching the nanoscale, will prohibit any gains in performance due to the nature of silicon and the laws of physics. Within a few more generations, classical scaling and shrinkage will no longer yield the sizable benefits of lower power, lower cost and higher speed processors that the industry has become accustomed to.

Carbon nanotubes represent a new class of semiconductor materials whose electrical properties are more attractive than silicon, particularly for building nanoscale transistor devices that are a few tens of atoms across. Electrons in carbon transistors can move easier than in silicon-based devices allowing for quicker transport of data. The nanotubes are also ideally shaped for transistors at the atomic scale, an advantage over silicon. These qualities are among the reasons to replace the traditional silicon transistor with carbon - and coupled with new chip design architectures - will allow computing innovation on a miniature scale for the future.

The approach developed at IBM labs paves the way for circuit fabrication with large numbers of carbon nanotube transistors at predetermined substrate positions. The ability to isolate semiconducting nanotubes and place a high density of carbon devices on a wafer is crucial to assess their suitability for a technology - eventually more than one billion transistors will be needed for future integration into commercial chips. Until now, scientists have been able to place at most a few hundred carbon nanotube devices at a time, not nearly enough to address key issues for commercial applications.

"Carbon nanotubes, borne out of chemistry, have largely been laboratory curiosities as far as microelectronic applications are concerned. We are attempting the first steps towards a technology by fabricating carbon nanotube transistors within a conventional wafer fabrication infrastructure," said Supratik Guha, Director of Physical Sciences at IBM Research. "The motivation to work on carbon nanotube transistors is that at extremely small nanoscale dimensions, they outperform transistors made from any other material. However, there are challenges to address such as ultra high purity of the carbon nanotubes and deliberate placement at the nanoscale. We have been making significant strides in both."

Originally studied for the physics that arises from their atomic dimensions and shapes, carbon nanotubes are being explored by scientists worldwide in applications that span integrated circuits, energy storage and conversion, biomedical sensing and DNA sequencing.

This achievement was published today in the peer-reviewed journal Nature Nanotechnology.

The Road to Carbon

Carbon, a readily available basic element from which crystals as hard as diamonds and as soft as the "lead" in a pencil are made, has wide-ranging IT applications.

Carbon nanotubes are single atomic sheets of carbon rolled up into a tube. The carbon nanotube forms the core of a transistor device that will work in a fashion similar to the current silicon transistor, but will be better performing. They could be used to replace the transistors in chips that power our data-crunching servers, high performing computers and ultra fast smart phones.

Earlier this year, IBM researchers demonstrated carbon nanotube transistors can operate as excellent switches at molecular dimensions of less than ten nanometers - the equivalent to 10,000 times thinner than a strand of human hair and less than half the size of the leading silicon technology. Comprehensive modeling of the electronic circuits suggests that about a five to ten times improvement in performance compared to silicon circuits is possible.

There are practical challenges for carbon nanotubes to become a commercial technology notably, as mentioned earlier, due to the purity and placement of the devices. Carbon nanotubes naturally come as a mix of metallic and semiconducting species and need to be placed perfectly on the wafer surface to make electronic circuits. For device operation, only the semiconducting kind of tubes is useful which requires essentially complete removal of the metallic ones to prevent errors in circuits. Also, for large scale integration to happen, it is critical to be able to control the alignment and the location of carbon nanotube devices on a substrate.

To overcome these barriers, IBM researchers developed a novel method based on ion-exchange chemistry that allows precise and controlled placement of aligned carbon nanotubes on a substrate at a high density - two orders of magnitude greater than previous experiments, enabling the controlled placement of individual nanotubes with a density of about a billion per square centimeter.

The process starts with carbon nanotubes mixed with a surfactant, a kind of soap that makes them soluble in water. A substrate is comprised of two oxides with trenches made of chemically-modified hafnium oxide (HfO2) and the rest of silicon oxide (SiO2). The substrate gets immersed in the carbon nanotube solution and the nanotubes attach via a chemical bond to the HfO2 regions while the rest of the surface remains clean.

By combining chemistry, processing and engineering expertise, IBM researchers are able to fabricate more than ten thousand transistors on a single chip.

Furthermore, rapid testing of thousands of devices is possible using high volume characterization tools due to compatibility to standard commercial processes.

As this new placement technique can be readily implemented, involving common chemicals and existing semiconductor fabrication, it will allow the industry to work with carbon nanotubes at a greater scale and deliver further innovation for carbon electronics.

For more information, please visit www.research.ibm.com.

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Sounds like we are getting ready for the future of computing ;)
 
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Great article:)
 
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Great, but will hardware enthusiasts still be able to build computers with these processors? Miniaturizing worries me for that very reason.
 

Kreij

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Sure they will. We will probably just need a scanning electron microscope and a really fine pair of needle-nose pliers.
 
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I remember reading an article similar to this a year back or more about silicon reaching it's limits & something about graphite being used, it was a university article if I recall:ohwell:......time to look for it again:clap:
 
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I remember reading an article similar to this a year back or more about silicon reaching it's limits & something about graphite being used, it was a university article if I recall:ohwell:......time to look for it again:clap:

It's been something that has been discussed several times over the years. They originally thought Silicon would reach it's limits a while back, but they made advances and extended its life quite a bit, who knows. I can't remember the exacts, but there was a problem with Graphite being used as a semiconductor, I wish I remember what my friend (an Electrical Engineer for what it's worth) said about it.
 

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I do believe you are right Xeno, they tossed graphite in favor of graphene if I remember correctly.

Disclaimer : I'm old and forget a lot.
 
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I do believe you are right Xeno, they tossed graphite in favor of graphene if I remember correctly.

Disclaimer : I'm old and forget a lot.

You are correct. However they found that graphene can be very easily damaged, though it is also "self-repairing".

I would imagine getting graphene to stay permanently stable is holding it back some what.
 
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IBM to buy AMD? :p
 
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Why would IBM buy AMD? That would be like Lamborghini buying "The Scooter Store".
 
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Why would IBM buy AMD? That would be like Lamborghini buying "The Scooter Store".

Because they can benefit from each other. AMD needs to improve its access to decent fabrication, and its R&D for CPUs. IBM would like the graphics expertise and x86 license. Plus, as Intel have shown, volume on low-profit products can allow for great high-profit products.

FYI, Lamborghini started out making tractors and are now owned by Volkswagen.
 
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Lamborghini started out making tractors and are now owned by Volkswagen.

I do sort of see your point, and the parallels to AMD.

Lamborghini was always second fiddle to Ferrari, but they did have their glory days during the time of the Miura, followed by a slow decline during the Countach and Diablo era before finally coming into its own as a valuable modern brand after VW ownership. Would that AMD do the same if IBM were to buy them out.
 
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Because they can benefit from each other. AMD needs to improve its access to decent fabrication, and its R&D for CPUs. IBM would like the graphics expertise and x86 license. Plus, as Intel have shown, volume on low-profit products can allow for great high-profit products.

FYI, Lamborghini started out making tractors and are now owned by Volkswagen.

I would indeed like to see an Intel vs IBM CPU war. IBM has been the go to chip maker for years on consoles. Before that servers and Macs. Heck if IBM had been serious in development with the PPC970s we would have seen some real nice performers. The ideas they had on paper for chips after the 970 were really good. With Windows adding ARM support with 8, it wouldn't be impossible to consider more RISC designs coming out. Just a shame 8 will likely go down in history as the tablet OS bastard child till Win 9.
 
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IBM to buy AMD? :p
We can't have blue on blue!!!!!! It breaks all manners of logic!!!!!!!!

Sure they will. We will probably just need a scanning electron microscope and a really fine pair of needle-nose pliers.
That would become a right of passage to be a computer enthusiast
 
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I don't see any real benefit for IBM if they bought up AMD. Obviously AMD would benefit, but what would IBM really gain? At this point they clearly have no interest in manufacturing x86 products, and the tech that AMD has for GPU's is pretty irrelevant for them outside of maybe helping them make Console SOC's (which they already do iirc).
 
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I hope you use size 1 font in all future posts.

Thanks for the advice which i will never follow. I just wanted to express how super exited I am.

BTW I really really really hope IBM buys AMD's. I know we will see a super CPU war. But I will be much more interested to see what happens to their GPUs.
 
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who doesn't love big blue :love:
A lot of the technology comes from IBM, and its fascinating. I want to meet the Chief Arcitect, the one that's not of this world :D
 
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