I have no idea what either of those mean
Just types of storage drives. HDD's are those larger spinning hard drives. You might remember older desktops making those random little clicks, squeaks, chirps, so on. They are reliable, but don't take too well to impact. Some laptops still used smaller 2.5" versions for cost and maybe temps. SSD's are the transistor-based equivalent - much faster, smaller, and with no moving parts. I'd assume your laptop has the latter. Most laptops now have these and they tend to be essentially shock-proof (as much as chips on a PCB can be.) The failures are electrical, or simply so many writes that the memory on em just isn't any good anymore.
Honestly, the fact that it's working right now makes me think it's probably okay. If anything got cracked or loose, you'd be having problems already. Nothing saying another jostle might not be the last straw that cracks a PCB or knocks out a solder joint. Just be careful with it from hereon. Most things in a laptop are soldered on or very tightly socketed. Hard to say what got knocked that caused it to do what it did. That it's fine now gives a decent prognosis, though.
If you want to do a SMART test, just to make sure your drive is okay, there are ways to do it in your OS, but it's probably easier to just grab
CrystalDiskInfo to check it out. Not perfect with every drive, but it will show values that all drives keep track of about age, wear, and usage. There are a few things to look for that might suggest damage. Again, highly doubt it (and even if you DO have an HDD and not an SSD, it can take time before signs of damage show up,) but if you wanna grab that and screenshot what it shows you, we may be able to give you some peace of mind at least. Maybe even get some insight into what happened.
Not a good idea except in the US, you punch straight through those cardboard houses over there. Try it in most of Europe though... You only do that once and never again
Haha, unless you're in Florida, where most of the houses are concrete with drywall hung up on thin furring strips. Been there, done that. The only thing it taught me as a teen was to punch the door on my little tv-dresser-cabinet. Turns out fists go easily through them. That's the main thing. If you're going to punch something, make sure it is much weaker than your fist... and that it's something you can stand to break... and that whatever you punch won't press charges on you, I guess