Well, there is no industry standard for what "fast" means here. So marketing weenies can claim just about anything they want. Again, you need to look at the output current capability of the wall charger to see how it compares.
You are right, there is no direct standard is to what fast means. However, we can use the base standards offered by devices to get an idea of what fast MIGHT mean.
There are two types of basic USB wall chargers on the market right now. 500 mA and 1A. There are also 2A chargers now too, but they are not as common. There are many wallwart USB chargers that have weird things like 2.1A or 3.0A. My son's IPhone charger is one of those 2.1A units. Plug it into an android phone, ad it offers 500mA.
USB 3.1 ports can push up to 100W. The current available is obviously much higher, if the design is taken full advantage of (as some 5.25 USB 3.0/3.1 devices that connect over SATA Express and use SATA power supply).
You quoted 900mA, but obviously, if 100W is possible, 900mA is NOT the maximum. AFAIK, it's 5A. Going through those documents you linked earlier will show you this. 5A @ 20V = 100W. 900mA USB 3.0 is for data port connection. Charge-only ports (such as those for USB-to-wall plug adapters) are up to 1.5A. USB 3.1 can offer 1.5A and 3.0 A on 5V
here is a device that offers USB 3.0 connection sold at one of my local retailers, with 1A and 2.1A charge rates (which nullifies for sure your 900mA idea):
http://www.b-com.ca/VANTEC-Aluminum...-Hub-3-DCP-2-1A-2A-Retail-UGT-AH400U3-3C.html
What is interesting is that once a motherboard powers down, some ports still offer charging capabilities. Since data is not active, it is possible these ports can offer the boosted charges rates @ up to 5A, but I do not think that any boards actually offer this as this time. I know that on my ASU Z170 DELUXE, it charges faster when the PC is off. Not sure why or whatever.
Yes, I had just read the manual after coming across this thread, so was curious as to my motherboard. According to the manual, the app designed by Apple for Asrock, is 40% faster at charging than a standard USB port.
A standard USB port is 350 mA or 500 mA. Likely your board's ports may be 500 mA (add 40% of 350mA, you get 500

). It might require using a specific port or header to get the added charge power. For some time, the USB 2.0 port offered this, and the plug on the bottom edge of boards that offered it had the header colored red inside so you knew which one had the higher power.
In order for the high power charging to be enabled, there has to be some ID done so the "port" knows it can offer the higher power. That's why we have software to enable the higher charge rate.