Break-even point is 10-seconds in this particular Department of Energy test. Any red-light that lasts longer than 10 seconds is better to have shut-off the engine rather than keep idling.
Start/stop is surprisingly "fine" for the engine. Most of the "costs" associated with startup is with regards to the "cold start" scenario (which is very bad for engine parts / other stuff). But because a 15-second start/stop or 30-second start/stop pattern has the engine remain the same temperature (indeed: engines remain warm for 30+ minutes), you're really not losing much with regards to "cold start" issues. The oil is still circulating through the engine, the parts are warm / hot and still functioning, etc. etc.
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I think that Hybrid/PHEV technology to simply not use gasoline below XXX RPM (probably 1000 RPM or so??) is a better idea of course. Full electric at the lowest RPM saves even more fuel and "subsumes" the start/stop methodology. Still, the science seems set, even for very small passenger cars, the ~10 second break-even point shows that start/stop is surprisingly a good strategy.