Problem with developping CoVID19 Vaccine

[xkm1948]

A really nice summary that explains the difficulty of coming up with a "one shot protect all" vaccine for CoVID19.

I put the first line here, the rest can be found in the PDF attached.

If you’re hoping a vaccine is going to be a knight in shining armor saving the day, you may be in for a disappointment. SARSCOV2 is a highly contagious virus. A vaccine will need to induce durable high level immunity, but coronaviruses often don’t induce that kind of immunity

Re-infection by evolved strain of COVID19 will be an extremely likely situation. As one of the review paper quoted in the PDF pointed out from the problem with CoV virus infecting chicken.

COVID-19 from veterinary medicine and one health perspectives: What animal coronaviruses have taught us

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"These vaccines, administered parenterally, may not protect against the infection but they can reduce the severity of the respiratory signs and prevent involvement of the kidney and reproductive tract (Saif, 2020). One of the main issues of parenteral vaccination against respiratory CoVs in animals is that it does not trigger strong local immunity, usually represented by mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA). Mucosal immunity, even if not preventing the infection, is able to reduce viral shedding (in terms of duration and extent) and the severity of the respiratory disease. Also this may be the case for SARS-CoV-2, which primarily affects the respiratory tract and, to a lesser extent, the enteric tract, with limited viremia and/or systemic involvement (Wong et al., 2020). "

There might be need to develop multiple vaccine delivery system that simultaneously target multiple system of our body: digestive tract, blood stream and respiratory tract.


Another review of human corona virus

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115759

This virus and its offsprings will be sticking with the entire human population for a very long time. In the future you will most likely be getting your annual influenza shot as well as your annual coronavirus shot.




And some corona research comic to lighten up a bit. We will power through this as a species

 

[the54thvoid]

This virus would have been screwed if it was pre-war, though, like the Spanish Flu, it would have killed millions. This is a reminder - modern global life is a viral heaven.

 

[FordGT90Concept]

Re-infection by evolved strain of COVID19 will be an extremely likely situation.

No evidence of coronavirus reinfections, South Korean researchers say

South Korea’s infectious disease experts said Thursday reports of coronavirus reinfection were likely testing errors.

thehill.com

TL;DR: Testing sucks.

 

[the54thvoid]

No evidence of coronavirus reinfections, South Korean researchers say

South Korea’s infectious disease experts said Thursday reports of coronavirus reinfection were likely testing errors.

thehill.com

TL;DR: Testing sucks.

It would be beneficial to see this revision of the data across other testing areas. If we had a certainty of immunity after recovery, it makes the case stronger for gradual easing of the lockdowns. And, as an aside, how does a virus interact with someone with immunity? For example, let's say I'm immune--does the virus come inside my system but get killed off, or does it lie dormant for a while before its own death. How long is an immunity protected individual also a carrier?

 

[HTC]

It would be beneficial to see this revision of the data across other testing areas. If we had a certainty of immunity after recovery, it makes the case stronger for gradual easing of the lockdowns. And, as an aside, how does a virus interact with someone with immunity? For example, let's say I'm immune--does the virus come inside my system but get killed off, or does it lie dormant for a while before its own death. How long is an immunity protected individual also a carrier?

Does immunity prevent the possibility of infecting others? Don't know how it works so perhaps someone can explain this.

If a person has immunity, does that mean that it's immune to it's effects and is "only a carrier" and therefore can still pass it on to others, or does it mean they can't catch the virus @ all and therefore can't pass it on to others? This is a VERY important distinction, no?

 

[FordGT90Concept]

It's a virus. It can't lay dormant or it decays. There are exceptions like Varicella (chicken pox/shingles) which binds to nerve cells that can later reactive. Coronaviruses don't have that ability.

The only way reinfection can happen is if it mutates so much that the antibodies developed for the first infection fail to attach to the second infection.

Enhanced inflammation in New Zealand white rabbits when MERS-CoV reinfection occurs in the absence of neutralizing antibody - PubMed

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic betacoronavirus that was first detected in humans in 2012 as a cause of severe acute respiratory disease. As of July 28, 2017, there have been 2,040 confirmed cases with 712 reported deaths. While many infections have been...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

A study on MERS with rabbits...

However, reinfection elicited neutralizing antibodies that protected rabbits from subsequent viral challenge. Our data from the rabbit model suggests that people exposed to MERS-CoV who fail to develop a neutralizing antibody response, or persons whose neutralizing antibody titers have waned, may be at risk for severe lung disease on re-exposure to MERS-CoV.

People get sick for a long time because the virus plays a game of cat and mouse. The immune system develops an antibody while another strain is propagating in the body. Eventually either the immune system wins ("neutralizing antibody") or the virus wins (death) and at that point, reinfection is unlikely.

Human Coronavirus NL63 Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Patterns in Rural Coastal Kenya - PubMed

In this coastal Kenya setting, HCoV-NL63 exhibited low prevalence in hospital pediatric pneumonia admissions. Clade persistence with low genetic diversity suggest limited immune selection, and absence of detectable clade switching in reinfections indicates initial exposure was insufficient to...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

A study in human populations...

Clade persistence with low genetic diversity suggest limited immune selection, and absence of detectable clade switching in reinfections indicates initial exposure was insufficient to elicit a protective immune response.

People that got reinfected with that coronavirus did not develop the "neutralizing antibody" on the first infection.

TL;DR: it's difficult to tell if you actually developed an immunity to the virus or if the virus burned itself out.

 

[the54thvoid]

TL;DR: it's difficult to tell if you actually developed an immunity to the virus or if the virus burned itself out.

Not sure of the underlying mechanisms for that - if a virus fails to remain in the host, is that through simple viral aging (if that even exists) or antibody neutralisation? I'm sure we all develop antibodies - the problem with Covid is if we develop agrressive responses that damage (and kill) our own cells. It's whether or not those antibodies will remain efficient against subsequent outbreaks.

 

[FordGT90Concept]

Antibody targets the S-proteins on the coronavirus (the crown). The virus shuffles these as it mutates. When the virus "burns out" the immune system got lucky: it was able to destroy all of the virus before the virus was able to mutate again.

Neutralizing antibody can target most, if not all variations of the virus.

Imagine if you and your mate got sick with a coronavirus at the same time. You're both sick for a week but you get over it by week two because your antibodies were quicker than the virus. You then get sick a week later because, while your immune system got lucky, your mate's did not. It kept mutating in their body and your exposure to that individual enabled you to get the same fundamental virus a second time. This is technically a reinfection...but not really...because you never developed immunity in the first place. A week or two later, you both get over it because your body developed the neutralizing antibody to kill it off and prohibit it from taking hold again.


Herd immunity should work but the problem is that this illness can easily last a month or more and you don't know for sure if you're really immune. That has economic ramifications beyond simply being sick.

 

[xtreemchaos]

everythings riding on a vaccine, ive my fingers crossed, on a side note my daughters a frontline ICU Nurse and shes been tested positive shes doing well but its a worry. keep safe everybody.